Das geniale Jugendwerk "Die Bestimmung des Menschen", das der Aufklarungstheologe Johann Joachim Spalding 1748 erstmals vorlegte und bis 1794 in insgesamt 11 autorisierten Auflagen ausgehen liess, gab einer "Basisidee der deutschen Aufklarung" (N. Hinske) literarischen Ausdruck und trug zur Karriere der philosophischen Anthropologie im 18. Jahrhundert massgeblich bei. Diese popularphilosophische, auf rationale Evidenz zielende und darum offenbarungstheologisch voraussetzungslose Schrift sollte in der Form eines inneren Dialogs den Prozess existentieller Selbstverstandigung exemplarisch skizzieren. In der religiosen Vertiefung des Moralitatsgedankens erscheinen (...) Gott und Unsterblichkeit fur Spalding, darin auf seinen spateren Briefpartner I. Kant vorausweisend, als regulative Ideen: Erst der Begriff des "ganzen Lebens" gibt zu erkennen, dass der Mensch in "diesem Leben" dazu bestimmt ist, "rechtschaffen und in der Rechtschaffenheit gluckselig zu seyn". Die vorliegende Edition bietet erstmals eine integrative Wiedergabe aller Textstufen sowie vorab den fortlaufenden Text der Erstausgabe. Der Band ist durch eine bundige Einleitung, eingehende Erlauterungen und ausfuhrliche Register erschlossen. Mit ihm wird der theologischen, philosophischen und literaturwissenschaftlichen Aufklarungsforschung ein zentraler Leittext editorisch prazise und leserfreundlich zur Verfugung gestellt. (shrink)

v. 1. Description of the torso in the Belvedere in Rome, Essay on the capacity for the sentiment for the beautiful in art, Reflections on the painting and sculpture of the Greeks -- v. 2. The history of ancient art (vols. I, II) -- v. 3. The history of ancient art (vols. III, IV).

Der Band versammelt Beiträge, die auf dem 1. Internationalen Kongreß der Schleiermacher-Gesellschaft gehalten wurden. Sie widmen sich zum 200jährigen Jubiläum ihres Erscheinens den Reden über die Religion, Friedrich Schleiermachers frühem religionsphilosophischem Hauptwerk. Schleiermachers Reden über die Religion stehen im Spannungsfeld von Spätaufklärung und Idealismus, Theologie und Frühromantik. Die Beiträge befassen sich sowohl mit problemgeschichtlichen Fragen als auch mit theoretischen Perspektiven. Geistphilosophie, Ethik und Kulturtheorie bilden den systematischen Rahmen des Religionsbegriffs. Die thematische Vielfalt der Motive, die in den Reden anklingen, erschließt (...) sich daher nur der interdisziplinären Forschung - eine Einsicht, deren fruchtbare Ergebnisse der Kongreßband vorführt. (shrink)

This article describes the phenomenon of knowledge building in online environments. Knowledge building is a process within a community, which leads to the development of knowledge. In order to analyze this process, we will look into the ways in which individuals interact with the collective as a whole. For this purpose, the psychic and social systems, which are involved here are regarded as meaning-based systems in the sense of Luhmann’s systems theory—open to the environment, but operatively closed. The respective modes (...) of operation of psychic and social systems will be examined, and “structural coupling” between these systems described. Another characteristic of knowledge-building communities is self-organization, which is described here in the sense of autopoiesis. A pivotal task, which knowledge-building communities have to tackle, is to handle complexity and reach common understanding. These aspects will also be described using conceptualizations of Luhmann’s systems theory, illustrated by many examples. (shrink)

Zusammenfassung Eine Anzahl babylonischer Texte archivalischen, astronomischen und anderen Charakters zeigt, dass der als Arses bekannte Achämenidenherrscher den Thronnamen Artaxerxes führte. Die babylonischen Quellen fügen sich damit in das bereits aus anderen Quellen bekannte Bild ein – darunter die Trilingue von Xanthos. Im Beitrag werden Kriterien dargelegt, die eine Zuordnung babylonischer Texte zu Artaxerxes IV. ermöglichen.

When two actors have the same mental state but one happens to harm another person (unlucky actor) and the other one does not (lucky actor), the latter elicits a milder moral judgement. To understand how this outcome effect would affect post-harm interactions between victims and perpetrators, we examined how the social role from which transgressions are perceived moderates the outcome effect, and how outcome effects on moral judgements transfer to agentic and communal interpersonal goals. Three vignette experiments (N = 950) (...) revealed similar outcome effects on moral judgement across social roles. In contrast, outcome effects on agentic and communal goals varied by social role: victims exhibited the strongest outcome effects and perpetrators the weakest, with bystanders falling in between. Moral judgement did not mediate the effects of outcome severity on interpersonal goals. We discuss the possibility that outcome severity raises normative expectations regarding post-harm interactions that are unrelated to moral considerations. (shrink)

When two actors have the same mental state but one happens to harm another person (unlucky actor) and the other one does not (lucky actor), the latter elicits a milder moral judgement. To understand how this outcome effect would affect post-harm interactions between victims and perpetrators, we examined how the social role from which transgressions are perceived moderates the outcome effect, and how outcome effects on moral judgements transfer to agentic and communal interpersonal goals. Three vignette experiments (N = 950) (...) revealed similar outcome effects on moral judgement across social roles. In contrast, outcome effects on agentic and communal goals varied by social role: victims exhibited the strongest outcome effects and perpetrators the weakest, with bystanders falling in between. Moral judgement did not mediate the effects of outcome severity on interpersonal goals. We discuss the possibility that outcome severity raises normative expectations regarding post-harm interactions that are unrelated to moral considerations. (shrink)

In the standard volunteer’s dilemma (VoD), a single prosocial act (i.e., volunteering) yields the optimal overall outcome. Whereas the volunteer’s outcome is certain, the defector’s outcome depends on what others do. This research addressed the confounding of prosocial responses with uncertainty avoidance in the standard VoD. In Experiment 1, participants (N = 102) considered 18 hypothetical one-shot two-person VoD scenarios with certain, risky, and uncertain outcomes when volunteering. In Experiment 2, participants (N = 496) considered three hypothetical one-shot two-person VoD (...) scenarios; a certain VoD and two uncertain VoDs of which one had a lower expected collective outcome of volunteering than the certain VoD and the other a higher one. Results suggest that volunteering does not reflect a desire to avoid uncertainty but to maximize expected collective outcomes, reinforcing the assumption that the high volunteering rates we see in a standard VoD are due to social/moral preferences and social projection. (shrink)

German literature played an important role in Kierkegaard's reading, and he often relates to German authors in his writings, especially to those of the period between 1770 and 1830. Against the background of German Romanticism, he deals with Romantic irony in the second part of The Concept of Irony. His harsh verdict on famous German writers like Friedrich Schlegel and Ludwig Tieck in his master's thesis is in some cases relativized by a more balanced appreciation in other writings. Some German (...) authors like Georg Christoph Lichtenberg and Jean Paul served as stylistic models, while others like Gotthold Ephraim Lessing offered valuable inspirations for his thinking. One of the most frequently cited poets is Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who appears in Kierkegaard's writings throughout all his working periods and is dealt with in a very comprehensive manner. (shrink)

Studie over het werk van de Duitse wijsgeer (1762-1814), met een beknopte levensbeschrijving.

In 1783 John Michell published a note entitled ‘On the Means of Discovering the Distance, Magnitude etc. of the Fixed Stars, in Consequence of the Diminution of the Velocity of their Light’, but it was Christian Doppler who in 1842 for the first time formulated the principle : If a source of sound or light is in motion relative to an observer, or an observer in motion relative to a source, the period of the waves received by the observer will (...) be different from the period of the waves emitted by the source. The acoustical Doppler principle was verified in 1845 by Buys-Ballot's experiments and by Ernst Mach ). H. Fizeau proposed to verify the optical Doppler principle by measuring the shift of lines in the spectra of stars . This was carried out by William Huggins , and H. C. Vogel and led to exact results in 1892. The Doppler effect with canal rays was shown by Johannes Stark in 1905. (shrink)

In dieser Aufsatzsammlung wird Johann Georg Hamanns Grundthese von Gott als Schriftsteller interpretiert und in weitest reichende literarische Zusammenhange gestellt. Der Zusammenhang von Reden, Horen und Sehen wird theologisch und eschatologisch untersucht. Hamanns Gedanken zum Abendmahl und Sacrament der Sprache werden mit der Rolle des Essens und Trinkens in Beziehung gebracht. Die Narziss-Episode der Metamorphosen des Ovid deutete der Schriftsteller christologisch und als Kenner des Hebraerbriefs verfasste er eine kritische Rezension des Kommentars von J. D. Michaelis (Gottingen). Der Autor (...) arbeitet die Bedeutung Hamanns als der massgebliche theologische Sprachdenker nach Luther heraus, dessen Worttheologie u. a. Kierkegaard gepragt hat. (shrink)

In the history of mathematics Leibniz as one of the scientists who developed the calculus of differentials has an outstanding position. However, it is difficult to reconstruct his theory in a consistent way. The main problem is the concept of differential. For an adequate understanding of this concept it is necessary to analyze how it is used. In this article we deal with the first systematic formulation of Leibniz' calculus, the Lectiones de calculo differentialium of Johann Bernoulli from 1691/92. (...) It will be proved that Leibniz's theory is consistent and can be reconstructed as an empirical theory - concerning physical curves - within the structuralist metatheory. The concept of differential is a theoretical one in respect to this theory. (shrink)

For an appropriate understanding of Leibniz's calculus the concept of differential is a crucial one. In Die Differentialrechnung nach Leibniz -eine Rekonstruktion (published in this journal in 2001) the calculus differentialis of Leibniz was analysed. In this paper we deal with the first systematic formulation of the calculus integralis, the Lectiones mathematicae de methodo integralium aliisque of Johann Bernoulli from 1691/92. It will be pointed out that Leibniz's theory is consistent and can be reconstructed as an empirical theory within (...) the structuralist metatheory. (shrink)

Die Möglichkeitsspekulation des Duns Scotus (1266-1308) gehört zu den bemerkenswertesten metaphysischen Konstruktionen des späteren Mittelalters. Im vorliegenden Buch unternimmt der Verfasser den Versuch, anhand der systematischen Entfaltung der beiden Möglichkeitsstufen (logische und reale Möglichkeit) nachzuweisen, dass hier eine «Philosophie der Endlichkeit» vorliegt, die sich selbst transzendiert, gleichsam von selbst in Metaphysik übergehen muss. Das Ergebnis ist eine originelle und weit vorausweisende Begründung kontingenten, endlichen Seins.

Des Herrn Doct. und Prof. Joachim Langens, oder, Der Theologischen Facultaet zu Halle Anmerckungen über des Herrn Hoff-Raths und Professor Christian Wolffens Metaphysicam ... nebst beygefügter Hr. Hoff-R. und Prof. Christian Wolffens gründlicher Antwort -- Herrn D. Joh. Francisci Buddei S.S. Theol. P.P.O. zu Jena Bedencken über die Wolffianische Philosophie, mit Anmerckungen erläutert von Christian Wolffen.